Based on the Dryfus Model for Skill Acquisition and Patricia Benner's From Novice to Expert Theories.
Level 1 (Novice)
- Beginner with no experience (New-Graduate, School is preparation for experience)
- Taught general rules to help perform tasks
- Rules are: context-free, independent of specific cases, and applied universally
- Rule-governed behavior is limited and inflexible
- Example. “Tell me what I need to do and I’ll do it.”
Level 2 (Advanced Beginner)
- Demonstrates acceptable performance
- Has gained prior experience in actual situations to recognize recurring meaningful components
- Principles, based on experiences, begin to be formulated to guide actions
Level 3 (Competent)
- Typically a Respiratory Therapist with 2-3 years of Full-Time experience on the job in the same area or in similar day-to-day situations
- More aware of long-term goals
- Gains perspective from planning own actions based on conscious, abstract, and analytical thinking and helps to achieve greater efficiency and organization
Level 4 (Proficient)
- Perceives and understands situations as whole parts
- More holistic understanding improves decision-making
- Learns from experiences what to expect in certain situations and how to modify plans
Level 5 (Expert)
- No longer relies on principles, rules, or guidelines to connect situations and determine actions
- Much more background of experience
- Has intuitive grasp of clinical situations
- Performance is now fluid, flexible, and highly-proficient
References & Bibliography
- Benner, P. (1982). From novice to expert.American Journal of Nursing, 82(3), 402-407
- Benner, P., & Wrubel, J. (1982a). Skilled clinical knowledge: The value of perceptual awareness. Part 1.Journal of Nursing Administration, 12(5), 11-14.
- Benner, P., & Wrubel, J. (1982b). Skilled clinical knowledge: The value of perceptualawareness. Part 2.Journal of Nursing Administration, 12(6), 28-33.
- Benner, P. (1984). From novice to expert: Excellence and power in clinical nursingpractice. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley.
- Dracup and Bryan-Brown. From Novice to Expert to Mentor Shaping the Future - American Journal of Critical Care. 2004;13: 448-450.
- Jane Corrigan Wandel. The Institute for Nursing Healthcare Leadership Conference: Reflections on the Impact of Patricia Benner's Work. Medscape Nurses. 2003;5(2).
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